Resumo
Introdução: No processo de heteroavaliação de dor em contexto de cuidados pós-anestésicos, os enfermeiros deparam-se com diversas dificuldades. Acresce a este desafio a falta de uniformização e treino neste processo. Objetivos: Identificar as dificuldades dos enfermeiros na avaliação de dor em pessoas não comunicantes; implementar a utilização de instrumentos de heteroavaliação; comparar a satisfação dos enfermeiros na avaliação de dor após implementação de medidas. Métodos: Projeto de melhoria contínua da qualidade realizado num serviço de cuidados pós anestésicos de uma instituição de Saúde de Portugal. Desenvolvido em 3 fases: I: identificação do problema e avaliação; II: implementação de medidas; III: avaliação após implementação de medidas. Participaram 37 enfermeiros. Dados colhidos nas fases I e III através de aplicação de questionários eletrónicos, analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Cumpridos pressupostos éticos. Resultados: Principais dificuldades identificadas na heteroavaliação: défice de conhecimento (32,87%), défice de treino (26,03%) e recursos materiais/logísticos desadequados (23,29%). Correlação positiva de 97% entre o tempo de experiência profissional e a satisfação na utilização de instrumentos de heteroavaliação. Após implementação de medidas verifica-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,002) na satisfação dos enfermeiros na heteroavaliação de dor. Conclusões: A avaliação de dor é afetada por diversos fatores (profissionais, organizacionais e mistos). A heteroavaliação de dor exige formação contínua, melhorando o conhecimento, treino e satisfação dos profissionais, suportada por políticas institucionais que uniformizem práticas clínicas.
Referências
Achaliwie, F., Wakefield, A. B., & Mackintosh-Franklin, C. (2023). Does Education Improve Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills, and Practice in Relation to Pain Management? An Integrative Review. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 24(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2022.12.002
Achterberg, W., Lautenbacher, S., Husebo, B., Erdal, A., & Herr, K. (2020). Pain in dementia. PAIN Reports, 5(1), e803. https://doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000000803
Associação Portuguesa para o Estudo da Dor (2023, março 4). A Dor como 5.º Sinal Vital. https://www.aped-dor.org/index.php/sobre-a-dor/definicoes
Ayaz, N. P., & Sherman, D. W. (2022). Understanding Attitudes, Social Norms, and Behaviors of a Cohort of Post-Operative Nurses Related to Pain and Pain Management. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(5), 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050844
Chatchumni, M., Eriksson, H., & Mazaheri, M. (2022). Core components of an effective pain management education programme for surgical nurses: A Delphi study. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 17(1), 2110672. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2022.2110672
Direção-Geral da Saúde (2017). Programa Nacional para a Prevenção e Controlo da Dor. https://www.aped-dor.org/documentos/DGS-Programa_Nacional_para_a_Preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Controlo_da_Dor_-_2017.pdf
Fernández-Castro, M., Martín-Gil, B., López, M., Jiménez, J. M., Liébana-Presa, C., & Fernández-Martínez, E. (2021). Factors Relating to Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Management in Inpatients. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 22(4), 478–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.12.012
Gélinas, C., Joffe, A. M., Szumita, P. M., Payen, J. F., Bérubé, M., Shahiri T, S., Boitor, M., Chanques, G., & Puntillo, K. A. (2019). A Psychometric Analysis Update of Behavioral Pain Assessment Tools for Noncommunicative, Critically Ill Adults. AACN advanced critical care, 30(4), 365–387. https://doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2019952
Glare, P., Aubrey, K. R., & Myles, P. S. (2019). Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery. Lancet (London, England), 393(10180), 1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30352-6
Grommi, S., Vaajoki, A., Voutilainen, A., & Kankkunen, P. (2023). Effect of Pain Education Interventions on Registered Nurses' Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 24(4), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2023.03.004
Hamdan, K. M., Shaheen, A. M., & Abdalrahim, M. S. (2022). Barriers and enablers of intensive care unit nurses' assessment and management of patients' pain. Nursing in critical care, 27(4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12624
Innab, A., Alammar, K., Alqahtani, N., Aldawood, F., Kerari, A., & Alenezi, A. (2022). The impact of a 12-hour educational program on nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management: a quasi-experimental study. BMC nursing, 21(1), 250. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01028-4
Kadović, M., Ćorluka, S., & Dokuzović, S. (2023). Nurses' Assessments Versus Patients' Self-Assessments of Postoperative Pain: Knowledge and Skills of Nurses for Effective Pain Management. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(9), 5678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095678
Lu, H., Zhao, Y., & While, A. (2019). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A literature review. International journal of nursing studies, 94, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.011
McCabe, C., Feeney, A., Basa, M., Eustace-Cook, J., & McCann, M. (2023). Nurses knowledge, attitudes and education needs towards acute pain management in hospital settings: A meta-analysis. Journal of clinical nursing, 32(15-16), 4325–4336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16612
Muñoz-Narbona, L., Roldán-Merino, J., Lluch-Canut, T., Juvé-Udina, E., Llorca, M. B., & Cabrera-Jaime, S. (2019). Impact of a Training Intervention on the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale in Noncommunicative Inpatients. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 20(5), 468–474.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2019.01.007
Niskala, J., Kanste, O., Tomietto, M., Miettunen, J., Tuomikoski, A. M., Kyngäs, H., & Mikkonen, K. (2020). Interventions to improve nurses' job satisfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of advanced nursing, 76(7), 1498–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14342
Ortiz, M. I., Cuevas-Suárez, C. E., Cariño-Cortés, R., Navarrete-Hernández, J. J., & González-Montiel, C. A. (2022). Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse education in practice, 63, 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103390
Rababa, M., Al-Sabbah, S., & Hayajneh, A. A. (2021). Nurses' Perceived Barriers to and Facilitators of Pain Assessment and Management in Critical Care Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of pain research, 14, 3475–3491. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S332423
Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N. B., Flor, H., Gibson, S., Keefe, F. J., Mogil, J. S., Ringkamp, M., Sluka, K. A., Song, X. J., Stevens, B., Sullivan, M. D., Tutelman, P. R., Ushida, T., & Vader, K. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 161(9), 1976–1982.
https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
Rodrigues, M., Gaspar, F., & Lucas, P. (2022). A Satisfação Profissional dos Enfermeiros em Contexto Hospitalar: Revisão Scoping . New Trends in Qualitative Research, 13, e650. https://doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e650
Schug, S. A., Lavand'homme, P., Barke, A., Korwisi, B., Rief, W., Treede, R. D., & IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain (2019). The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain. Pain, 160(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001413
Slatyer, S., Myers, H., & Kelly, M. A. (2022). Understanding Nurse Characteristics that Influence Assessment and Intention to Treat Pain in Postoperative Patients: An Integrative Literature Review. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 23(5), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2022.03.003
Teshome, Z. B., Aychew, Y., Mitiku, W., & Guta, B. (2022). Level of attitude, knowledge and practice of nurses toward postoperative pain management, cross-sectional study. Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 84, 104902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104902
Tsai, Y. I., Browne, G., & Inder, K. J. (2022). Documented nursing practices of pain assessment and management when communicating about pain in dementia care. Journal of advanced nursing, 78(10), 3174–3186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15251
Wooldridge, S., & Branney, J. (2020). Congruence between nurses' and patients' assessment of postoperative pain: a literature review. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 29(4), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.4.212
Wrona, S. K., Quinlan-Colwell, A., Brown, L., & Jannuzzi, R. G. E. (2022). Procedural Pain Management: Clinical Practice Recommendations American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 23(3), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2021.11.008

Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 João Pedro Oliveira, Cristina Costeira
